*This content has tried to explain Paganism with examples from the Midsommar movie, without giving spoilers as much as possible.
Dani (photo: magazine-hd.com)
Ari Aster's second feature film, Midsommar, which was released in 2019, became one of the most talked-about films in recent years. The main cast includes Florence Pugh who has starred in productions such as Black Widow, Little Women, Dune, Oppenheimer, Jack Reynor, Vilhelm Blomgren, William Jackson Harper, and Will Poulter.
A24 and Nordisk distributed Aster's horror film, which garnered 77 nominations and won 28 awards. The film falls into the subgenre of horror known as folk horror.
The film revolves around a group of friends traveling to northern Europe, specifically to Sweden, to attend a midsummer festival at a commune, upon the invitation of one of their friends who is already part of the community. Once there, they find themselves amidst peculiar rituals in this village.
Aster's thriller distinguishes itself from other suspense films with its consistently sunny, colorful, and verdant setting. The film was shot in Budapest, Hungary.
Midsommar showcases the lifestyle of this commune belonging to Pagan beliefs and the festivals held once every 90 years, providing various insights into paganism. So what is paganism?
It is possible to find traces of Pagan symbols in almost every scene of the movie. There are carefully prepared details from architectural locations to clothing, from food and drinks to decoration. Particularly for someone like me, who has expertise in art and an interest in textiles, the paintings on the white fabric that our group saw when they first arrived in the village at the beginning of the movie were quite impactful. Although a more primitive style was used, we saw a wonderful reflection of the colors and the plot, and we etched it into our minds as a foreshadowing element.
"Love Story" Tapestry (photo: i.pinimg.com)
Paganism as a Concept and Its Roots
The term “pagan” is derived from the Latin word “paganus,” which means “rural,” “about the countryside,” and “rustic.” Throughout history, the term "pagan" has conveyed much more than its naive connotation of “rural” in the context of Christianity and other monotheistic religions. It has been used to imply being of another religion, having a “wrong” belief, and even heavier derogatory terms such as “wayward,” “deviant,” or “infidel.” Today, the most neutral interpretation is used to refer to someone who adheres to a polytheistic belief or practices a polytheistic religion. However, this definition does not fully capture the essence of Paganism.
At the core of paganism is a group of contemporary religions that are based on respect for nature, as mentioned in sources defining it. These beliefs draw from the traditional religions of indigenous peoples around the world. Paganism encompasses various communities, including Wiccans, Druids, Shamans, Sacred Ecologists, Odinists, and Heathens, forming parts of the Pagan community. Some groups focus on ecology, witchcraft, Celtic traditions, or specific gods and traditions. Most Pagans have an ecological vision that respects the balance of the natural world.
Contrary to horror films, Pagans are not sexually deviant, do not worship the devil, are not evil, do not practice black magic, and do not choose practices that harm humans or animals.
Throughout much of Christian history, many of those labeled as “pagan” did not accept this designation. However, since the first half of the 20th century, it has been reappropriated as a self-identifier by a family of emerging religions. Often, modern Pagan or neo-Pagan groups draw inspiration from the European, North African, and Western Asian religions that disappeared with the spread of Christianity and other religions.
Some sources that have survived to the present day indicate that Christians used the Latin term “Pagani” from at least the 4th century to refer to those who did not worship the God of Abraham, although it is likely that this usage emerged earlier. The exact figures are unknown to the British Pagan Federation, but it is estimated that there are between 50,000 and 200,000 Pagans in the British Isles.
Pagan Rituals And Symbols
Pagan rituals often focus on honoring a deity or deities. They also involve observing seasonal changes, cycles such as the moon and the sun; celebrating events such as birth, coming of age, marriage, and death are traditions. While the form of rituals varies according to traditions, Pagan rituals tend to engage participants physically. These rituals often include drumming, chanting hymns, and dancing. Some Pagans offer food and drink to their gods or ancestors. They may use representations of earth, air, fire, and water for rituals such as cleansing or blessing. As preparation before the ritual, participants may cleanse themselves with salt (symbolizing earth and water) or burn incense.
Today, some Pagans still practice regularly in small private or large public groups, but most practice alone, engaging in solitary practices and only gathering with a group for special occasions. Sociologist Helen Berger states that as of today, around 79% of Americans identify themselves as practicing alone. Pagans often have altars in their homes, tucked away in a corner of their bedrooms. Pagans living in rural areas may construct altars outdoors. Altars may include natural objects, photographs of deceased loved ones, and various ritual items. Meditations performed at these altars can assist individuals in reaching spiritual insights.
Pagans may consult astrology, tarot cards, runes, or pendulums to learn various divinations. Others look to natural phenomena such as animals, plants, wind, and water to enhance their intuition. The sense of connection gained through these practices helps Pagans experience their belief in the divinity present in the world around them. Some Pagans enjoy wearing sacred jewelry. One of these is the pentacle, an intertwined five-pointed star. Although often misrepresented as a symbol of evil in popular horror films, the pentacle represents the unity of life and the elements (earth, air, water, and fire) with the spirit. On the other hand, Pagans following the Northern European path may wear Mjölnir, also known as Thor's hammer, which is the traditional religious pendant worn by those who resisted conversion to Christianity in medieval Scandinavia. Images of natural objects such as trees or abstract goddess figures are also popular among Pagans.
Perception of Paganism
Contemporary Paganism and witchcraft author and sociologist Helen Berger has noted a shift towards spirituality away from organized religions in general. She highlights that in today's discussions on vital issues such as feminism, LGBTQ+ rights, and the climate crisis, there is a strong interest in this belief system that values life.
Sarah Pike, a professor at California State University, has stated that defining what Paganism is can be challenging due to its significant diversity. She notes that they see the natural world as sacred and view humans, nature, and spiritual beings as part of an interconnected whole.
Historically, the term Pagan has been used to refer to people who did not adhere to the Judeo-Christian principles prevalent in ancient cultures such as Greece, Rome, Egypt, Scandinavia, and Ireland. Edward Watts, a professor at the University of California, has noted that Pagans initially did not use this term for themselves and did not see themselves as belonging to a single group.
Paganism has been equated by Christians with a sense of hedonism representing those who are sensual, materialistic, self-indulgent, and disconnected from the future and mainstream religions.
Midsummer and the Midsummer Festival
Midsummer, or the summer solstice, is an astronomical event that occurs on June 21st or 22nd in the Northern Hemisphere, known as the longest day of the year. During this time, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and the duration of daylight reaches its maximum.
Midsummer is a celebration of the summer season that occurs near the date of the summer solstice, which is considered the midpoint of the season in solar calculations. Since the exact date of the summer solstice can vary from year to year, different traditions may celebrate Midsummer on different dates or under different names, either on or around the actual solstice. Various traditions have developed based on regional, spiritual, or religious practices. Traditionally, Midsummer falls on the first Saturday after June 20th, but it is often celebrated on Midsummer Eve, the day before.
In many Pagan cultures, the summer solstice is a time used to celebrate the rebirth of nature, fertility, and the power of the sun. Rituals such as lighting fires and worshipping the sun are common. In England, Stonehenge is a place where large crowds gather on the summer solstice. Watching the sunrise over the stones is a spiritual and cultural experience for many people.
Midsommar festival, especially celebrated in Scandinavian countries and Sweden, commemorates the summer solstice, the longest day of the year. The roots of this festival trace back to ancient Pagan rituals and are organized to honor the cycles of nature and the power of the sun. The Midsommar Festival typically takes place between June 20th and June 25th. Midsommar celebrations and traditions include rituals such as the Maypole (Midsommarstang), flower crowns, food and drinks, and bonfires.
The Dinner (photo: i.pinimg.com)
The Maypole is the most prominent Midsommar tradition. It involves erecting a tall pole adorned with flowers and leaves, around which people dance and sing. Participants, especially women and children, make crowns out of flowers and wear them on their heads. These crowns symbolize nature and fertility. Throughout the festival, traditional foods and drinks are consumed. Typically, fish (especially herring), new potatoes, bread, cheese, and strawberries are eaten. Additionally, schnapps (a type of alcohol) is consumed. In some regions, bonfires are lit as remnants of ancient Pagan rituals. These fires are lit to ward off evil and bring prosperity. Midsommar encourages a strong connection with nature and the outdoors. People often celebrate in nature, rural areas, or summer cottages.
The May Pole (photo: whatwentwrongwith.com)
Midsommar has also become a tourist attraction in recent times. During the festival, many tourists visit Scandinavian countries to experience local traditions. As a result, the Midsommar festival has a rich history and cultural significance, spanning from ancient Pagan rituals to modern celebrations. Honoring the power of nature and the sun, this festival brings communities together and creates a cheerful atmosphere.
The motifs of the sun and nature honor the power of the sun and the cycles of nature. These motifs are present in many scenes of the film and artworks.
Hargan Sun Gate (photo: images.immediate.co.uk)
Rune symbols are letters from the ancient Scandinavian alphabet. These symbols, each carrying a specific meaning, are used in various rituals and divinations throughout the film. For example, runic symbols such as Uruz (strength) and Mannaz (human) appear in different contexts.
Room (photo: slashfilm.com)
Fire is used in various rituals. It symbolizes purification, rebirth, and the banishment of evil. In the film, fire plays a significant role in rituals and festivities held at night.
The Fire (photo: miro.medium.com)
The nine-pointed figure can be associated with Yggdrasil (the World Tree) and the nine worlds in Scandinavian mythology. It represents the cosmic order and the cycle of life. In the film, a scene featuring a nine-pointed pattern is observed.
Yggdrasil Tree (photo: thecrowsfjord.com)
One of the scenes where 9 appears (photo: static.republika.co.id)
The marriage of the Sun and the Moon is present in Pagan culture as complementary opposing forces. It symbolizes balance, harmony, and unity. In the film, this theme is emphasized throughout the relationships of the characters and the progression of the story.
Midsommar Movie Opening painting (photo: i.pinimg.com)
Animal masks and costumes are worn during rituals. They symbolize communication with and honoring the spirits of nature. In the film, such costumes are particularly used during rituals.
The Mask (photo: static1.srcdn.com)
Ritual sacrifices depict the ritualistic sacrifice of animals. It is an ancient Pagan practice aimed at maintaining the balance of society and nature. In the film, this situation is portrayed as both horrifying and a central theme.
The Bear (photo: bloody-disgusting.com)
The May Queen refers to the woman chosen and adorned with flowers during the festival. It symbolizes fertility, abundance, and rebirth. In the film, the main character being chosen for this role marks a significant turning point in the story.
The May Queen choice (photo: dianamarin.com)
The Midsommar movie creates a captivating and simultaneously chilling experience for the audience by deeply immersing them in its atmosphere through these symbols. These symbols, reflecting the richness and complexity of Pagan traditions and rituals, enhance the thematic depth of the film.
Runic symbols (photo: pajiba.com)
The runic symbols frequently mentioned and used in the film are letters of an alphabet known as the “runic alphabet” or “runic script,” comprised of characters called “runes.” This alphabet has been predominantly used in Scandinavia, Germany, and the British Isles. One of the most well-known versions of this alphabet is a series called the Futhark, named after the combination of its first six letters: Fehu, Uruz, Thurisaz, Ansuz, Raidho, and Kaunan. Runes have been used both as a written language and for mystical and divinatory purposes. Each rune carries its meaning and is often incorporated into personal talismans and rituals for purposes such as protection, abundance, and guidance. Below are listed some basic runic symbols and their meanings.
1) Fehu (ᚠ): It symbolizes wealth, abundance, and material gain. It is used to wish for prosperity and financial success.
2) Uruz (ᚢ): It represents strength, health, and resilience. It is used to enhance physical strength and health.
3) Thurisaz (ᚦ): It signifies the giant, protection, and struggle. It is used for protection against dangers and overcoming obstacles.
4) Ansuz (ᚨ): It symbolizes the gods, inspiration, and communication. It is used for divine inspiration and effective communication.
5) Raidho (ᚱ): It denotes travel, movement, and change. It is used for safe and successful journeys.
6) Kaunan (ᚲ): It represents the torch, enlightenment, and creative energy. It is used to encourage creativity and access to knowledge.
7) Gebo (ᚷ): It symbolizes gifts, partnership, and generosity. It is used to strengthen relationships and partnerships.
8) Wunjo (ᚹ): It signifies happiness, joy, and harmony. It is used for personal and societal happiness.
9) Hagalaz (ᚺ): It symbolizes hail, destruction, and transformation. It is used in times of change and restructuring.
10) Nauthiz (ᚾ): It represents need, necessity, and resistance. It is used to provide patience and resilience in difficult times.
11) Isa (ᛁ): It symbolizes ice, stillness, and waiting. It is used to overcome obstacles and wait patiently.
12) Jera (ᛃ): It denotes year, cycle, and harvest. It is used to reap the rewards of one's efforts and honor natural cycles.
13) Eihwaz (ᛇ): It represents the yew tree, death, and rebirth. It is used for protection and spiritual growth.
14) Perthro (ᛈ): It symbolizes mystery, luck, and fate. It is used for divination and understanding the unknown.
15) Algiz (ᛉ): It signifies protection, defense, and divine guidance. It is used as a protective talisman.
16) Sowilo (ᛊ): It represents the sun, victory, and success. It is used to attain success and power.
17) Tiwaz (ᛏ): It symbolizes the war god Tyr, justice, and courage. It is used for justice and courage.
18) Berkano (ᛒ): It denotes fertility, birth, and growth. It is used to support birth and growth processes.
19) Ehwaz (ᛖ): It symbolizes the horse, movement, and loyalty. It is used for safe travels and loyalty.
20) Mannaz (ᛗ): It represents humanity, community, and self. It is used for personal development and social relationships.
21) Laguz (ᛚ): It symbolizes water, flow, and intuition. It is used for intuition and emotional balance.
22) Inguz (ᛜ): It signifies fertility, new beginnings, and completion. It is used for new projects and beginnings.
23) Dagaz (ᛞ): It represents a day, enlightenment, and change. It is used for enlightenment and significant changes.
24) Othala (ᛟ): It symbolizes inheritance, property, and family. It is used for matters related to family and inheritance.
Works-Cited
Dogan, M. D. (2020). Midsommar Övmeye Doyamadık; Köklerini Deşerek Midsummer Neymiş, Anlattık!
Access: https://geekyapar.com/midsommar-ovmeye-doyamadik-koklerini-deserek-midsummer-neymis-anlattik/
MacIntyre, C. (2023). Paganism is on the Rise: Here’s Where to Discover Its Traditions
Ozturk, H. N. (2019). Midsommar: Pagan Tanrılar Aşkına
Paganism
Paganism at a Glance
What Do Pagans Do?
White, E. D. (2024) Paganism.
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